A Global Database of Gas Fluxes from Soils after Rewetting or Thawing, Version 1.0.

Title A Global Database of Gas Fluxes from Soils after Rewetting or Thawing, Version 1.0.
Description This database contains information compiled from published studies on gas flux from soil following rewetting or thawing. The resulting database includes 222 field and laboratory observations focused on rewetting of dry soils, and 116 field laboratory observations focused on thawing of frozen soils studies conducted from 1956 to 2010. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxide, and ammonia (CO2, CH4, N2O, NO and NH3) were compiled from the literature and the flux rates were normalized for ease of comparison. Field observations of gas flux following rewetting of dry soils include events caused by natural rainfall, simulated rainfall in natural ecosystems, and irrigation in agricultural lands. Similarly, thawing of frozen soils include field observations of natural thawing, simulated freezing-thawing events (i.e., thawing of simulated frozen soil by snow removal), and thawing of seasonal ice in temperate and high latitude regions (Kim et al., 2012). Reported parameters include experiment type, location, site type, vegetation, climate, soil properties, rainfall, soil moisture, soil gas flux after wetting and thawing, peak soil gas flux properties, and the corresponding study references. There is one comma-delimited data file.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1078
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Released Date 2012-04-16
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Publication Kim, D.G., Vargas, R., Bond-Lamberty, B. and Turetsky, M.R., 2012. Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research. Biogeosciences, 9(7), p.2459.
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CMS: Soil CO2 Efflux and Properties, Site Vegetation Measurements, Mexico, 2011-2012. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Title CMS: Soil CO2 Efflux and Properties, Site Vegetation Measurements, Mexico, 2011-2012. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Description This data set provides the results of (1) monthly measurements of soil CO2 efflux, volumetric water content, and temperature, and (2) seasonal measurements of soil (porosity, bulk density, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content) and vegetation (leaf area index (LAI), litter and fine root biomass) properties in a water-limited ecosystem in Baja California, Mexico. Measurements and samples were collected from August 2011 to August 2012.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1298
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Released Date 2015-11-30
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Publication Leon, E., Vargas, R., Bullock, S., Lopez, E., Panosso, A.R. and La Scala Jr, N., 2014. Hot spots, hot moments, and spatio-temporal controls on soil CO2 efflux in a water-limited ecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 77, pp.12-21.
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CMS: Evapotranspiration and Meteorology, Water-Limited Shrublands, Mexico, 2008-2010. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Title CMS: Evapotranspiration and Meteorology, Water-Limited Shrublands, Mexico, 2008-2010. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Description This data set provides daily average observations for evapotranspiration (measured and gap-filled), precipitation, net radiation, soil water content, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) from two water-limited shrubland sites for years 2008-2010. Both sites are located in the northwest part of Mexico and are part of the MexFlux network.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1309
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Released Date 2016-03-21
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Publication Villarreal, S., Vargas, R., Yepez, E.A., Acosta, J.S., Castro, A., Escoto‐Rodriguez, M., Lopez, E., Martínez‐Osuna, J., Rodriguez, J.C., Smith, S.V. and Vivoni, E.R., 2016. Contrasting precipitation seasonality influences evapotranspiration dynamics in water‐limited shrublands. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(2), pp.494-508.
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CMS: MODIS GPP, fPAR, and SST, and ENSO Index, Baja California, Mexico, 2000-2013. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Title CMS: MODIS GPP, fPAR, and SST, and ENSO Index, Baja California, Mexico, 2000-2013. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Description This data set provides data for MODIS-derived (1) gross primary productivity (GPP) for the years 2000-2010, (2) fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) for the years 2003-2013, (3) sea surface temperature (SST) for the years 2003-2013, and (4) the NOAA-source Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) data for the years 2003-2013 (as a measure of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation). The study areas were three transects on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, and the adjacent Pacific Ocean. The terrestrial transects, in order from North to South, West to East included Punta Colonet (three sites-PC1, PC2, PC3), Punta Abreojos (two sites-PA1, PA2), and Magdalena Bay (three sites-MB1, MB2, MB3).
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1310
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Released Date 2016-03-21
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Data from: Using greenhouse gas fluxes to define soil functional types. Dryad Digital Repository.

Title Data from: Using greenhouse gas fluxes to define soil functional types. Dryad Digital Repository.
Description Daily measurements of soil GHG fluxes used to describe soil functional types in Petrakis et al. Fluxes are calculated as daily means and curated for QA/QC as described in the journal article. Measurement dates comprise from September 2014 to September 2015. Values as -9999 represent missing values due to QA/QC or instrument failure.
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Access URL https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.kq7h7
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Released Date 2018-11-27
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Ecosystem Functional Type Distribution Map for the Conterminous USA, 2001-2014. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Title Ecosystem Functional Type Distribution Map for the Conterminous USA, 2001-2014. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Description This dataset provides maps of the distribution of ecosystem functional types (EFTs) and the interannual variability of EFTs at 0.05 degree resolution across the conterminous United States (CONUS) for 2001 to 2014. EFTs are groupings of ecosystems based on their similar ecosystem functioning that are used to represent the spatial patterns and temporal variability of key ecosystem functional traits without prior knowledge of vegetation type or canopy architecture. Sixty-four EFTs were derived from the metrics of a 2001-2014 time-series of satellite images of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product MOD13C2. EFT diversity was calculated as the modal (most repeated) EFT and interannual variability was calculated as the number of unique EFTs for each pixel.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1659
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Released Date 2019-03-19
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Soil Organic Carbon Stock Estimates with Uncertainty across Latin America. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Title Soil Organic Carbon Stock Estimates with Uncertainty across Latin America. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Description This dataset provides 5 x 5 km gridded estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) across Latin America that were derived from existing point soil characterization data and compiled environmental prediction factors for SOC. This dataset is representative for the period between 1980 to 2000s corresponding with the highest density of observations available in the WoSIS system and the covariates used as prediction factors for soil organic carbon across Latin America. SOC stocks (kg/m2) were estimated for the SOC and bulk density point measurements and a spatially explicit measure of the SOC estimation error was also calculated. A modeling ensemble, using a linear combination of five statistical methods (regression Kriging, random forest, kernel weighted nearest neighbors, partial least squared regression and support vector machines) was applied to the SOC stock data at (1) country-specific and (2) regional scales to develop gridded SOC estimates (kg/m2) for all of Latin America. Uncertainty estimates are provided for the two model predictions based on independent model residuals and their full conditional response to the SOC prediction factors.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1615
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Released Date 2019-03-07
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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AmeriFlux US-StJ St Jones Reserve

Title AmeriFlux US-StJ St Jones Reserve
Description This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-StJ St Jones Reserve. Site Description - This tower is located in St Jones, near Dover Delaware. This area is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve. It was established in 1993, and estuarine ecosystems from the Mid-Atlantic region are represented here. This region has been influenced by agricultural fields along the watershed. The EC tower is located in a tidal marsh near the Dover headquarters, there is a board walk that goes along the marsh. Restoring natural vegetation is on the long term management plan.
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Access URL https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1480316
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Released Date 2019-03-03
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CO2_Efflux_Eden

Title CO2_Efflux_Eden
Description Dataset of soil CO2 efflux from a seasonally dry tropical forest. Dataset includes information from January 2006 to April 2008. Soil CO2 efflux was measured using the "gradient method" where soil CO2 concentrations were measured in conjunction with soil temperature and soil moisture. The study site was hit by a hurricane on October 2005, thus soil CO2 efflux rates are high during the beginning of 2006. For more details about the study site and methodology please see:
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Access URL https://figshare.com/articles/CO2_Efflux_Eden/8309567/1
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Released Date 2019-06-26
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Publication Vargas, R., 2012. How a hurricane disturbance influences extreme CO2 fluxes and variance in a tropical forest. Environmental Research Letters, 7(3), p.035704.
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Annual soil moisture predictions across conterminous United States using remote sensing and terrain analysis across 1 km grids (1991-2016)

Title Annual soil moisture predictions across conterminous United States using remote sensing and terrain analysis across 1 km grids (1991-2016)
Description We provide 26 annual soil moisture predictions across conterminous United States for the years 1991-2016. These predictions are provided in raster files with a geographical (lat, long) projection system and a spatial resolution of 1 x 1 km grids (folder: soil_moisture_annual_grids_1991_2016). These raster files were populated with soil moisture data based on multiple kernel based machine learning models for coupling hydrologically meaningful terrain parameters (the explanatory variables) with soil moisture microwave records (the response variable) from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative. We provide a raster stack with the annual training data from satellite soil moisture estimates (file: annual_means_of _ESA_CCI_soil_moiture_1991_2016.tif) and the explanatory variables (terrain) calculated on SAGA GIS (System of Automated Geoscientific Analysis) using digital terrain analysis (folder: explanatory_variables_dem). The explained variance for all models-years was >70% (10-fold cross-validation). The 1 km soil moisture grids (compared to the original satellite soil moisture estimates) had higher correlations with field soil moisture observations from the North American Soil Moisture Database (n=668 locations with available data between 1991-2013; 0-5 cm depth) than soil moisture microwave records.
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Access URL https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/b8f6eae9d89241cf8b5904033460af61/
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Released Date 2019-06-20
Updated Date 2020-03-23
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Publication Guevara, M. and Vargas, R., 2019. Downscaling satellite soil moisture using geomorphometry and machine learning. PloS one, 14(9).
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Ecosystem Functional Type Distribution Map for Mexico, 2001-2014

Title Ecosystem Functional Type Distribution Map for Mexico, 2001-2014
Description This dataset provides a map of the distribution of ecosystem functional types (EFTs) at 0.05 degree resolution across Mexico for 2001 to 2014. EFTs are groupings of ecosystems based on their similar ecosystem functioning that are used to represent the spatial patterns and temporal variability of key ecosystem functional traits without prior knowledge of vegetation type or canopy architecture. Sixty-four EFTs were derived from the metrics of a 2001-2014 time-series of satellite images of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product MOD13C2. EFT diversity was calculated as the modal (most repeated) EFT for each pixel.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1693
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Publisher
Released Date 2019-08-15
Updated Date 2019-09-10
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Publication Villarreal, S., Guevara, M., Alcaraz‐Segura, D. and Vargas, R., 2019. Optimizing an environmental observatory network design using publicly available data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(7), pp.1812-1826.
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Global Gridded 1-km Annual Soil Respiration and Uncertainty Derived from SRDB V3

Title Global Gridded 1-km Annual Soil Respiration and Uncertainty Derived from SRDB V3
Description This dataset provides six global gridded products at 1-km resolution of predicted annual soil respiration (Rs) and associated uncertainty, maps of the lower and upper quartiles of the prediction distributions, and two derived annual heterotrophic respiration (Rh) maps. A machine learning approach was used to derive the predicted Rs and uncertainty data using a quantile regression forest (QRF) algorithm trained with observations from the global Soil Respiration Database (SRDB) version 3 spanning from 1961 to 2011. The two Rh maps were derived from the predicted Rs with two different empirical equations. These products were produced to support carbon cycle research at local- to global-scales, and highlight the immense spatial variability of soil respiration and our ability to predict it across the globe.
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Access URL https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1736
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Released Date
Updated Date 2020-01-09
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Publication Warner, D.L., Bond‐Lamberty, B., Jian, J., Stell, E. and Vargas, R., 2019. Spatial predictions and associated uncertainty of annual soil respiration at the global scale. Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
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Oklahoma Soil Moisture Predictions

Title Oklahoma Soil Moisture Predictions
Description Monthly soil moisture predictions over a region of interest centered on Oklahoma and surrounded areas from January 2000 to September 2012. Data were acquired from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative soil moisture product version 4.5, 0.25-degrees spatial resolution. The modeled product aims to fill soil moisture spatial gaps from the original product over the region of Interest. Soil moisture values were calculated based on three methods, e.g. Ordinary Kriging, Regression Kriging and Generalized Linear Model. Reference monthly soil moisture layers were generated based on daily soil moisture estimates over each 0.25-degrees pixel in the region of interest. Three different sampling approaches were considered to model soil moisture estimates, using 100% of available data from the original satellite data, 75% and 50% of available soil moisture estimates respectively. Data were randomly removed to simulate different scenarios of gap presence in the original ESA CCI product. Soil Moisture values were validated by means of 10-fold cross validation and ground-truth validation with records from the North American Soil Moisture Data Base
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Access URL https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/f0091cf90bcc4487bf401ca19783d1eb/
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Released Date 2020-02-07
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Publication Llamas, R.M., Guevara, M., Rorabaugh, D., Taufer, M. and Vargas, R., 2020. Spatial Gap-Filling of ESA CCI Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture Based on Geostatistical Techniques and Multiple Regression. Remote Sensing, 12(4), p.665.
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Soil respiration dataset from a temperate mix forest (James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve)

Title Soil respiration dataset from a temperate mix forest (James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve)
Description Dataset of soil CO2 efflux from a temperate mix forest. Includes information from January 2006 to December 2008. Soil CO2 efflux was measured using the "gradient method" where soil CO2 concentrations were measured in conjunction with soil temperature and soil moisture. The study was conducted at the University of California James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve, a UC Natural Reserve System field station. The Reserve is a mixed conifer-oak forest at 1640m.a.s.l. located in the San Jacinto Mountains, CA, USA (33048'30''N, 116046'40''W).
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Access URL https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11739459
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Publisher
Released Date 2020-05-03
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Publication Vargas, R., Detto, M., Baldocchi, D.D. and Allen, M.F., 2010. Multiscale analysis of temporal variability of soil CO2 production as influenced by weather and vegetation. Global Change Biology, 16(5), pp.1589-1605.
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Soil Organic Carbon Estimates and Uncertainty at 1-m Depth across Mexico, 1999-2009

Title Soil Organic Carbon Estimates and Uncertainty at 1-m Depth across Mexico, 1999-2009
Description This dataset provides an estimate of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top one meter of soil across Mexico at a 90-m resolution for the period 1999-2009. Carbon estimates (kg/m2) are based on a field data collection of 2852 soil profiles by the National Institute for Statistics and Geography (INEGI). The profile data were used for the development of a predictive model along with a set of environmental covariates that were harmonized in a regular grid of 90x90 m2 across all Mexican states. The base of reference was the digital elevation model (DEM) of the INEGI at 90-m spatial resolution. A model ensemble of regression trees with a recursive elimination of variables explained 54% of the total variability using a cross-validation technique of independent samples. The error associated with the predictive model estimates of SOC is provided. A summary of the total estimated SOC per state, statistical description of the modeled SOC data, and the number of pixels modeled for each state are also provided.
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Access URL https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1754
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Released Date
Updated Date 2020-03-26
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Global Gridded Dataset of Crop-specific Green and Blue Water Requirements

Title Global Gridded Dataset of Crop-specific Green and Blue Water Requirements
Description Global gridded (5 arcminute) dataset of monthly green and blue crop water requirements for 5 major crops and annual green and blue crop water requirements for 23 crops and 3 crop groups for the average year 2000 (i.e. averaged among 1998–2002 yearly simulations) and the year 2016.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage 2000, 2016
Spatial Coverage Global
Keywords
Landing Page https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Global_Gridded_Dataset_of_Crop-specific_Green_and_Blue_Water_Requirements/4893084
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Distribution Format Net-CDF
Publication https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00612-0
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Project
Title WATNEEDS
Description Project to build global process-based crop model (WATNEEDS) that solves a daily vertical soil water balance in order to generate global gridded estimates of green and blue crop water requirements.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kyle F. Davis


Mexican ATI Request-Response Dataset

Title Mexican ATI Request-Response Dataset
Description This dataset records individual access to information (ATI) requests and responses for Mexico's federal (national) ATI system. The text of each individual request (along with OCR'd text of each request attachment) is included along with a variety of indicators of each government response. LDA-derived topics have been estimated and assigned to reach request text. Additional request information is then included for a unique request identifier, the date and time of each request, the requester's location (country, state, municipality and postal code), and the requester's designated federal Mexican government agency or unit. Additional response data include the government agency or unit's official response decision, the timing (date and time) of that decision, and the elapsed time between request and response.
Theme/Category Social Science
Period Coverage 06/2003-06/2020
Spatial Coverage Mexico, with unique identifiers for requester municipality, state, country, and postal code
Keywords Mexico, Access to Information, Accountability, Transparency
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Access Rights Non-public (Dataset is not available to members of the public)
Version 2
Distribution Format CSV
Publication Berliner, D., B.E. Bagozzi, and B. Palmer-Rubin. 2018. "What Information Do Citizens Want? Evidence from One Million Public Information Requests in Mexico.'' World Development. 109: 222-235.
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Project
Title Access to Information in Mexico
Description This project leverages text-as-data tools to better understand the nature and drivers of information requests in Mexico. Extensions to this analysis also consider the nature and drivers of the Mexican government's responsiveness to these requests, as well as the influences of politics and the media on these processes.
Principal Investigator Dr. Benjamin E. Bagozzi


Mexico ATI-HRA Dataset

Title Mexico ATI-HRA Dataset
Description This dataset records counts of human rights abuse-related ATI requests for each Mexican municipality-month, 06/2003-06/2018. Human rights-abuse related ATI requests were generated via a supervised machine learning approach at the individual request level, before being aggregated to municipality-month counts. Separate supervised machine coded ATI-based human abuse counts are then recorded for state perpetrated human rights abuse, non-state perpetrated human rights abuse, unknown perpetrator human rights abuse, human rights abuse incidents, and human rights abuses by any perpetrator. For the municipality-month dataset, the counts of human rights abuse-related requests are paired with additional municipality-month variables recording total homicide rates, counts of human rights abuse events as derived from the ICEWS event dataset, counts of human rights abuse events as derived from the GED dataset, distance to the US border, economic marginalization, population, internet access, and total ATI requests, as well as unique identifiers for each municipality and time-point.
Theme/Category Social Science
Period Coverage 06/2003-06/2018
Spatial Coverage Mexico, with unique identifiers for municipality and state
Keywords Mexico, Access to Information, Accountability, Human Rights Abuse
Landing Page
Access URL
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version 1
Distribution Format CSV
Publication Ellington, S.A.V., B.E. Bagozzi, D. Berliner, B. Palmer-Rubin, and A. Erlich. 2021. "Measuring Human Rights Abuse from Access to Information Requests" Working Paper.
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Project
Title Measuring Human Rights Abuse from Access to Information Requests
Description This project uses supervised machine learning to measure fine grained citizen concerns over human rights abuses in Mexico via access to information request texts. The resultant data are internally and externally validated in several manners. The current dataset then aggregates these supervised-coded requests to the municipality-month level, and merges these data with several additional covariates.
Principal Investigator Dr. Benjamin Bagozzi
Funding Agency GUR-Bagozzi


Do or Die Corpus and Metadata

Title Do or Die Corpus and Metadata
Description Issues 1-10 of Do or Die, a set of British radical environmentalist magazine ('zine) associated with the United Kingdom's Earth First! movement. The 10-issue 'zine was published semi-annually from 1992 to 2003. Original PDFs of each 'zine were collected from online sources. Multiple formats and versions of each 'zine are included, including PDF images, OCR'd pages of each PDF 'zine (in .rtf and .txt format) as well as scraped webpage versions of some individual stories, where applicable. Additional data from these texts in terms of UK environmental group names listed within each issue's contact section, quantities derived from topic models of these texts, and network information is also included.
Theme/Category Social Science
Period Coverage 1992-2003
Spatial Coverage United Kingdom
Keywords Environmentalism, Text-as-Data, Social Movement, Direct Action
Landing Page
Access URL https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PNK7AB
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version 1
Distribution Format PDF, TXT, RTF, CSV
Publication Almquist, Zack W. and Benjamin E. Bagozzi. 2019.  "Using Radical Environmentalist Texts to Uncover Network Structure and Network Features" Sociological Methods & Research. 49(4): 905-960.
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Project
Title Radical Environmentalist Project
Description This project seeks to better understand radical environmentalist movements through text-as-data and network methods.
Principal Investigator Dr. Benjamin Bagozzi


Topical Attention Bias Measures of US State Department Human Rights Reports

Title Topical Attention Bias Measures of US State Department Human Rights Reports
Description A corpus of 6,298 State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (1977-2012) was topic modeled to recover a plausible set of  country-year topics pertaining to the US State Department's monitoring of countries' human rights practices. Recovered topics are conditional on nation-states actual human rights performance and additional covariates, and include topics such as killings and disappearances, freedoms of expression and movement, and labor rights, among others. The posterior probability of topical assignment for each estimated topic is recorded for each country-year, 1977-2012. These quantities are argued to capture time varying (topical) attention bias in US State Department human rights reporting in relation to individual countries.
Theme/Category Social Science
Period Coverage 1977-2012
Spatial Coverage Global (at the country-level)
Keywords State Department, Human Rights, Monitoring, Repression, Topic Modeling
Landing Page
Access URL https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/W1QQTP
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Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version 1
Distribution Format CSV
Publication Bagozzi, B.E. and D. Berliner. 2018. "The Politics of Scrutiny in Human Rights Monitoring: Evidence from Structural Topic Models of US State Department Human Rights Reports." Political Science Research and Methods. 6(4): 661-677.
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Project
Title Topical Attention Bias in Human Rights Reporting
Description This project seeks to better understand US State Department human rights monitoring with text-as-data tools. Patterns of human rights reporting are considered over time, and in relation to a variety of US-specific and cross-national covariates.
Principal Investigator Dr. Benjamin Bagozzi


UNFCCC Climate Speech Data

Title UNFCCC Climate Speech Data
Description This text-as-data dataset includes nation-states' high-level segment speeches from the 16th to 26th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COPs), 10-years of speeches in total. Transcripts of all available speeches were collected in PDF form from UN websites and then converted to machine readable text and machine translated to English. All resultant texts are stored as individual .txt files and in combined .csv files. For network modeling, co-occurrences related to each speech's co-mentions of nation-states are also extracted and recorded as .csv files. Subsets of these speeches have also been topic modeled.
Theme/Category Social Science
Period Coverage 2010-2020
Spatial Coverage Global (at the country-level)
Keywords Climate Change, International Relations, International Cooperation, UNFCCC
Landing Page
Access URL
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Access Rights Non-public (Dataset is not available to members of the public)
Version 2
Distribution Format CSV, PDF, TXT
Publication Bagozzi, B. E. 2015.  "The Multifaceted Nature of Global Climate Change Negotiations." Review of International Organizations. 10(4): 439-464.
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Project
Title UNFCCC Speeches and Networks
Description This project seeks to use text-as-data and network methods to understand patterns of country-level negotiation over climate change, both at the UNFCCC and more generally. Core dimensions include understanding the scope and dimensionality of negotiating themes, negotiation networks, and how these features change over time.
Principal Investigator Dr. Benjamin Bagozzi


DEOS Real-Time and Historical Environmental Data

Title DEOS Real-Time and Historical Environmental Data
Description DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data for the following variables: air temperature, dew point, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, wind gust, heat index, wind chill, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, rainfall, water levels, and snow depth. (some variables are season observations only)
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage 2009 to present (some stations are earlier)
Spatial Coverage Delaware, Chester County PA
Keywords environment, monitoring, climate, atmosphere, temperature, rain, wind
Landing Page http://deos.udel.edu
Access URL
Creator
Publisher
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
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Distribution Format
Publication
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Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Discourses of Fame and Celebrity

Title Discourses of Fame and Celebrity
Description a systematic sample of roughly 10k N-grams (~100k words) pulled from digital newspaper databases, along with coded identification terms, that track how fame and celebrity were described over time and space within the U.S., 1760-1900.
Theme/Category Language/Discourse (though geospatial data is included)
Period Coverage 1760-1900
Spatial Coverage modern U.S.
Keywords Fame; Celebrity; Discourse; Text Mining; History; Periodicals
Landing Page N/A
Access URL
Creator
Publisher
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Non-public (Dataset is not available to members of the public)
Version
Distribution Format .xlsx
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Library of Congress Chronicling America; Readex/Am Antiquarian Society America's Historical Newspapers Series I
Description An effort to track the evolution of discourses of fame and celebrity, supporting a monograph in-process on the history of Halls of Fame.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kenneth Cohen


CORSIKA Simulations of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers

Title CORSIKA Simulations of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers
Description We have various subsets of CORSIKA 7 simulations of cosmic-ray air showers, covering a range of energies and arrival direction. As we are continuing to add simulations, ask for details.
Theme/Category Astroparticle Physics
Period Coverage none
Spatial Coverage Locations of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory (South Pole) and the Pierre Auger Observatory (Argentina)
Keywords
Landing Page
Access URL
Creator
Publisher
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Can be made available upon individual requests.
Version
Distribution Format proprietary CORSIKA format
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Various projects: IceCube, Pierre Auger Observatory, and others
Description We use CORSIKA to simulate expected cosmic-ray signals in specialzed observatories.
Principal Investigator Dr. Frank Schroeder


Fall landbird migration stopover distribution maps for the northeastern U.S.

Title Fall landbird migration stopover distribution maps for the northeastern U.S.
Description "The national network of weather surveillance radars (NEXRAD) detects birds in flight and has proven to be a useful remote-sensing tool for ornithological study. These maps were derived from data collected during Fall 2008 to 2014 by 16 NEXRAD and four terminal Doppler weather surveillance radars (TDWR) in the northeastern U.S. to map and study the spatial distribution of landbirds shortly after they leave daytime stopover sites to embark on nocturnal migratory flights. NEXRAD observations of Vertically-Integrated Reflectivity (VIR) - an estimate of the total amount of reflected cross-sectional area of birds per hectare (i.e., bird density) from 0 to 1750 m above the ground in units of cm2 ha-1 - were summarized across time and aggregated to a spatial resolution of 1 km x 1 km. Observed data (i.e., reflectivity data as measured by radars) have been filtered to exclude areas of partial radar beam blockage, ground clutter (i.e., non-biological reflectivity from objects on the ground) and where radars were unable to detect birds for more than 25% of sampling nights. This dataset represents input and output variables of Boosted Generalized Additive Models (BGAM) developed to predict bird stopover use throughout the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic U.S. Predicted bird densities increased with increasing hardwood cover at multiple scales and with vegetation productivity. Contrastingly, predicted bird densities decreased with increasing agricultural, emergent marsh and coniferous land cover, but did not change with fraction of urban cover. Bird stopover density increased closer to bright areas and the Atlantic coast. Moreover, interactive effects indicated that migrants were extra concentrated in wooded areas that were both brightly lit and near the Atlantic coast. Large areas of predicted regionally important stopover sites were located along the coastlines of Maine, Long Island Sound, New Jersey, the lower Delmarva Peninsula, within the Adirondack Mountains, Catskill Mountains, and eastern Virginia. Migrant densities peaked along the Adirondack Mountains early in September, and along the Atlantic coast in late September with the passage of Neotropical migrants. Stopover densities peaked in the most northern extent of Maine and New England states in late October with the arrival of temperate migrants. The maps and ecological understanding produced can help inform conservation planning to protect and enhance stopover sites for migratory landbirds in the future. Known Issues and Uncertainties We caution against relying too heavily on our region-wide predictions to assess the relative importance of sites outside of radar-sampled areas. The predicted bird densities within radar-sampled areas agreed quite well with radar-observed densities (explained Deviances of BGAM models predicting mean bird density were around 0.7). However, the accuracy of predicted bird densities elsewhere remains unvalidated. Additionally, the results are not highly precise; they are depicted at a resolution of 1 km by 1 km. Within an area of this size, suitability for migrants may vary dramatically depending on the types of land use and development present. Large, intact, productive hardwood forests that provide an abundance of insects and fruits appear to be particularly valuable to migrants. Thus, the region-wide map should be viewed as a coarse and preliminary guide for conservation purposes. NOTE - The data represented were converted to raster for display purposes. The download includes the original shapefile and layer files. In order to view the attributes of a cell using the identify tool, select the record for “Attributes for Migratory Landbird Stopover Habitat Data” (dataset must be turned on). Attribute definitions can be found in the Attachments tab on Data Basin or in the metadata available in the download package."
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage Autumn 2008 - 2014
Spatial Coverage 12 northeastern US states from Virgina to Maine
Keywords migration, bird, stopover, ecology, distribution, wildlife, conservation
Landing Page https://nalcc.databasin.org/galleries/f5cc97e920ec49dfb76bc039a53c3e0a#expand=159202
Access URL https://nalcc.databasin.org/galleries/f5cc97e920ec49dfb76bc039a53c3e0a#expand=159202
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2018-01-30
Updated Date 2018-04-09
Publishing Frequency 1
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version 1
Distribution Format ArcGIS shapfile
Publication McLaren, J. D., J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, E. L. Walters. 2018. Artificial light confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds. Ecology Letters 21:356-364. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12902/full
Software to view the data
Project
Title Validation of NEXRAD data and models of bird migration stopover sites in the Northeast U.S.
Description This project, led by Jeffrey Buler of the University of Delaware with a number of colleagues, fills a key gap in our understanding of stopover habitat for migratory landbirds. It provides a large-scale perspective on important sites for migrants across multiple states in the Eastern U.S. Using innovative analyses of weather radar data to detect migrating birds, coupled with field surveys, the reports make predictions about the importance of sites for migrants across the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic U.S. “Importance” is defined here by the relative number of birds that stop over throughout the migratory season and how consistently birds depart sites from day to day. Areas with the highest and most consistent bird densities are considered to be of greatest stopover importance.
Principal Investigator Dr. Jeff Buler
Funding Agency US Fish and Wildlife Service (#F13AC00402)


Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) 2018

Title Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) 2018
Description The Center for Political Communication (CPC) purchased two modules on the CCES, a nationally-representative survey of U.S. residents. The CCES data include "common content" questions asked of respondents across all modules; the CPC-specific items were asked of two modules of 1,000 respondents each.
Theme/Category Political
Period Coverage Fall 2018
Spatial Coverage National U.S.
Keywords
Landing Page https://cces.gov.harvard.edu
Access URL
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Publisher
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Restricted public (Dataset is available under certain use restrictions)
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Distribution Format SPSS, Stata, or csv
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Software to view the data
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Title Center for Political Communication
Description The CPC is a nonpartisan, interdisciplinary center connecting academics, students, and the community to relevant issues in political communication. Since its creation, the CPC consistently touches on issues that are part of, or about to be part of, the national conversation. Whether it is racial injustice, climate change, polarization, or the future of our democracy, the CPC provides context through courses, research, and programs. ​
Principal Investigator Dr. Phil Jones


Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Station Data

Title Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Station Data
Description Environmental data for the last 24 hours for all real-time data networks, including the DEOS, Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT), Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve (DNERR) Water Quality, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), National Weather Service (NWS), and United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream and tide gauge networks.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage Last 24 hours
Spatial Coverage New Castle, Delaware
Keywords environment, monitoring, climate, atmosphere, temperature, rain, wind
Landing Page http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/
Access URL http://www.deos.udel.edu/station/index.php?station=DAGF
Creator Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Publisher Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency Daily
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format PNG, JPEG, SVG, PDF, CSV, XLS
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Latest Conditions

Title Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Latest Conditions
Description A map and table of the most recent conditions at each of the networks for Meteorological, Hydrological, Wave, and Water Quality parameters.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage Past 3 hours
Spatial Coverage New Castle, Delaware
Keywords Air Temperature, PAR, Visibility, 1-Hr Precipitation, 24-Hr Precipitation, Volumetric Water Content (2 in.), Soil Temperature (2 in.), Dew Point, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Wind Gust, Pressure, Wind Chill, Heat Index, Solar Radiation,
Landing Page http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/
Access URL http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/network_summary.php
Creator Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Publisher Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency Hourly
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Daily Summary

Title Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Daily Summary
Description Daily meteorological summary data for the DEOS and DelDOT networks.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage 2004 to present
Spatial Coverage New Castle County, Delaware
Keywords Air Temperature, PAR, Visibility, 1-Hr Precipitation, 24-Hr Precipitation, Volumetric Water Content (2 in.), Soil Temperature (2 in.), Dew Point, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Wind Gust, Pressure, Wind Chill, Heat Index, Solar Radiation
Landing Page http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/
Access URL http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/daily_retrieval.php
Creator Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Publisher Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Monthly Summary

Title Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Monthly Summary
Description Monthly data summaries for networks archived for historical use by DEOS.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage 2004 to present
Spatial Coverage New Castle County, Delaware
Keywords Air Temperature, PAR, Visibility, 1-Hr Precipitation, 24-Hr Precipitation, Volumetric Water Content (2 in.), Soil Temperature (2 in.), Dew Point, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Wind Gust, Pressure, Wind Chill, Heat Index, Solar Radiation
Landing Page http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/
Access URL http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/monthly_retrieval.php
Creator Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Publisher Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): AgWeather Summary

Title Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): AgWeather Summary
Description Monthly AgWeather data for a subset of DEOS weather stations. These summaries agriculturally important data like reference evapotranspiration, growing degree days, and soil moisture and soil temperature values where these are available.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage 2004 to present
Spatial Coverage New Castle County, Delaware
Keywords Air Temperature, PAR, Visibility, 1-Hr Precipitation, 24-Hr Precipitation, Volumetric Water Content (2 in.), Soil Temperature (2 in.), Dew Point, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Wind Gust, Pressure, Wind Chill, Heat Index, Solar Radiation
Landing Page http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/
Access URL http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/agirrigation_retrieval.php
Creator Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Publisher Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Satellite Data

Title Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS): Satellite Data
Description The University of Delaware Satellite Receiving Station (UDSRS) provides satellite data for both geostationary and polar orbiting satellite missions. Visible, infrared, water vapor, and other imagery layers are available through the UDSRS website.
Theme/Category Environmental
Period Coverage
Spatial Coverage Conus, Mid-altantic
Keywords X-Band, MODIS, L-band, NOAA, MetOP, and Fung-yen satelltes
Landing Page http://www.deos.udel.edu/data/
Access URL http://udsrs.udel.edu/
Creator Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Publisher Center for Environmental Monitoring & Analysis (CEMA)
Released Date
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Delaware Environmental Observing System
Description For over 15 years, DEOS has been providing real-time and archived daily and monthly environmental conditions for Delaware and the surrounding region. Today, DEOS operates and maintains over 80 environmental monitoring platforms and brings in data from over 200 additional environmental monitoring platforms throughout our region.
Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Brinson


Multiple cropping alone does not improve year-round food security among smallholders in rural India

Title Multiple cropping alone does not improve year-round food security among smallholders in rural India
Description We specifically examine if planting multiple food crops within a year is associated with dietary diversity and food security. We collected information on demographic and economic variables, farming activities and livelihood choices, from 200 unique households for three seasons (monsoon/wet, winter, summer) during 2016-2018 (n=600). Based on both a 24-hour and a 30-day recall, we calculated several indicators, including the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W), and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). At least 43% of the sample population experiences moderate to severe food insecurity in all seasons. Cereals (mainly rice) remain the most important food item irrespective of the season, with negligible consumption of other nutrient-rich food such as tubers, fish, eggs, and meats. Around 81% of women in all seasons do not consume a minimally diverse diet. Multiple cropping is associated with higher food security only during monsoon, while selling monsoon crops is associated with winter food security. Households practicing multiple cropping consume more pulses (a plant-based protein source) compared to single-cropping or non-farming households (p<0.05)
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage
Spatial Coverage India - 40 villages within five districts in the state of Madhya Pradesh – Balaghat, Chhindwara, Dindori, Mandla and Seoni
Keywords food security, dietary diversity, smallholder agriculture, India
Landing Page https://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.tdz08kq07#usage
Access URL https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/731884
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2021-06-06
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format CSV
Publication 10.1088/1748-9326/ac05ee
Software to view the data
Project
Title Multiple cropping alone does not improve year-round food security among smallholders in rural India
Description Achieving and maintaining food and nutrition security is an important Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), especially in countries with largely vulnerable population with high occurrence of hunger and malnutrition. By studying a small-scale agricultural system in India, we aim to understand the current state of dietary diversity and food insecurity among the farmer communities. The study landscape has witnessed a steady rise in multiple cropping along with irrigation over the last two decades. Whether this multiple cropping can be expected to improve year-round food security is not well understood. We specifically examine if planting multiple food crops within a year is associated with dietary diversity and food security. We collected information on demographic and economic variables, farming activities and livelihood choices, from 200 unique households for three seasons (monsoon/wet, winter, summer) during 2016-2018 (n=600). Based on both a 24-hour and a 30-day recall, we calculated several indicators, including the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W), and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). At least 43% of the sample population experiences moderate to severe food insecurity in all seasons. Cereals (mainly rice) remain the most important food item irrespective of the season, with negligible consumption of other nutrient-rich food such as tubers, fish, eggs, and meats. Around 81% of women in all seasons do not consume a minimally diverse diet. Multiple cropping is associated with higher food security only during monsoon, while selling monsoon crops is associated with winter food security. Households practicing multiple cropping consume more pulses (a plant-based protein source) compared to single-cropping or non-farming households (p<0.05). We find that multiple cropping cannot be used as a cure-all strategy. Rather a combination of income and nutrition strategies, including more diverse home garden, diverse income portfolio, and access to clean cooking fuel, is required to achieve year-round dietary diversity or food security.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA Land-Cover Land-Use Change Program (Grant No. 522363)


High-resolution inundation dataset for coastal India and Bangladesh

Title High-resolution inundation dataset for coastal India and Bangladesh
Description This collection of gridded data layers provides the extent of inundation in May 2020 resulting from the cyclone Amphan in 39 coastal districts in India and Bangladesh. These geospatial data layers are derived from Sentinel-1 dual-polarization C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for pre-Amphan (May 5-18, 2020) and post-Amphan (May 22-30, 2020) periods. We accessed ready-to-use SAR data on Google Earth Engine (GEE). These input data were preprocessed using Ground Range Detected (GRD) border-noise removal, thermal noise removal, radiometric calibration, and terrain correction, to derive backscatter coefficients (σ°) in decibels (dB). We used VH polarisation instead of VV, since the latter is known to be affected by windy conditions as compared to VH.
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage May 5-18, 2020, May 22-30, 2020
Spatial Coverage India - Odisha and West Bengal. Bangladesh- lower and upper region
Keywords Amphan, cyclone, mangrove, rapidassessment, Sentinel, Sundarban
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/4390084
Access URL https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390084
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2020-12-23
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format TIF
Publication https://zenodo.org/records/4390084
Software to view the data
Project
Title Radar and optical remote sensing for near real-time assessments of cyclone impacts on coastal ecosystems
Description Rapid impact assessment of cyclones on coastal ecosystems is critical for timely rescue and rehabilitation operations in highly human-dominated landscapes. Such assessments should also include damage assessments of vegetation for restoration planning in impacted natural landscapes. Our objective is to develop a remote sensing-based approach combining satellite data derived from optical (Sentinel-2), radar (Sentinel-1), and LiDAR (Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation) platforms for rapid assessment of post-cyclone inundation in non-forested areas and vegetation damage in a primarily forested ecosystem. We apply this multi-scalar approach for assessing damages caused by the cyclone Amphan that hit coastal India and Bangladesh in May 2020, severely flooding several districts in the two countries, and causing destruction to the Sundarban mangrove forests. Our analysis shows that at least 6821 sq. km. land across the 39 study districts was inundated even after 10 days after the cyclone. We further calculated the change in forest greenness as the difference in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) pre- and post-cyclone. Our findings indicate a <0.2 unit decline in NDVI in 3.45 sq. km. of the forest. Rapid assessment of post-cyclone damage in mangroves is challenging due to limited navigability of waterways, but critical for planning of mitigation and recovery measures. We demonstrate the utility of Otsu method, an automated statistical approach of the Google Earth Engine platform to identify inundated areas within days after a cyclone. Our radar-based inundation analysis advances current practices because it requires minimal user inputs, and is effective in the presence of high cloud cover. Such rapid assessment, when complemented with detailed information on species and vegetation composition, can inform appropriate restoration efforts in severely impacted regions and help decision makers efficiently manage resources for recovery and aid relief. We provide the datasets from this study on an open platform to aid in future research and planning endeavors.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA EPSCoR grant (DE-80NSSC20M0220), University of Delaware Research Foundation


High-resolution remotely sensed datasets for saltwater intrusion across the Delmarva Peninsula

Title High-resolution remotely sensed datasets for saltwater intrusion across the Delmarva Peninsula
Description "Saltwater intrusion (SWI) on coastal farmlands can change the soil properties (physical and chemical), rendering it unusable for agricultural purposes. Globally, over a quarter of arable land is negatively impacted by soil salinization, including more than 50% of irrigated land. These salt-impacted lands account for more than 30% of food production worldwide. However, the visible impacts of SWI on coastal ecosystems are challenging to map due to the fine spatial resolution of the salt patches. Here we provide the first mapping of the early visual evidences of SWI impacts on the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia) Peninsula region's farmlands by quantifying and mapping the proportions of the farmlands where the spectral signature of a white salt patch was detected. We focus our effort on fourteen counties on the Delmarva Peninsula. We utilized very high-resolution (1-m) aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) and seasonal information derived from the moderate resolution (30-m) Landsat satellite imagery collection. Using a Random Forest algorithm with 100 trees and over 94,240 reference points for training and testing, we developed high-resolution geospatial datasets for the study area for two time-steps: 2011-2013 and 2016-2017. The nine coastal Maryland counties witnessed an average of 79% increase in the salt patches on farmlands. The average increase across the state of Delaware is 81%. Virginia experienced an average of 243% increase in these salt patches. While the expansion rate is alarming, the absolute area with these salt deposits remained rather small even in 2017: about 122 ha in Virginia; 339 ha in Delaware; and 445 ha in Maryland. Visible white salt patches remained a small fraction of total farmlands in each of these counties, ranging between 0.01% and 0.18% in 2011-2013, and between 0.01% and 0.39% in 2016-2017. This collection of gridded data layers provides the spatial distribution of salt patches along with seven other land cover classes for 14 counties in the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland and Virginia) Peninsula in the United States of America (USA). We developed high-resolution datasets for the study area for two time-steps: 2011-2013 and 2016-2017. The geospatial datasets are classified images for each time-step and have eight land cover categories as shown below:"
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage 2011-2013, 2016-2017
Spatial Coverage 14 Counties on the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia) Peninsula
Keywords saltwater intrusion, Delmarva peninsula, agricultural losses
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/6685695
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/6685695/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2022-12-30
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format .tif
Publication https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01186-6
Software to view the data
Project
Title The spread and cost of saltwater intrusion in the US Mid-Atlantic
Description Saltwater intrusion on coastal farmlands can render productive land unsuitable for agricultural activities. While the visible extent of salt-impacted land provides a useful saltwater intrusion proxy, it is challenging to identify in early stages. Moreover, associated ecological and economic impacts are often underestimated as reduced crop yields in farmlands surrounding salt patches are difficult to quantify. Here we develop a high-resolution (1 m) dataset showing salt patches on farm fringes and quantify the extent of salt-impacted lands across the Delmarva Peninsula, United States. Our method is transferable to other regions across and beyond the mid-Atlantic with similar saltwater intrusion issues, such as Georgia and the Carolinas. Our results show that between 2011 and 2017, visible salt patches almost doubled and 8,096 ha of farmlands converted to marsh—another saltwater intrusion consequence. Field-based electrical conductivity measurements show elevated salinity values hundreds of metres from visible salt patches, indicating the broader extent of at-risk farmlands. More farmland areas were within 200 m of a visible salt patch in 2017 compared to 2011, a rise ranging between 68% in Delaware and 93% in Maryland. On the basis of assumed 100% profit loss in at-risk farmlands within a 200 m buffer around salt patches in 2016–2017, the range of economic losses was estimated between US$39.4 million and US$107.5 million annually, under 100% soy or corn counterfactuals, respectively.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency National Science Foundation EPSCoR Grant No. 1757353 / State of Delaware, National Aeronautics and Space Administration EPSCoR Grant No. DE-80NSSC20M0220, and the Delaware Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (NASA Grant 80NSSC20M0045). Partial support: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the State of Maryland, and Harry R. Hughes Center for Agro-Ecology


High Resolution Greenspace Land Cover in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Title High Resolution Greenspace Land Cover in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Description "This dataset provides a high resolution (1-m) land cover map for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States of America during the summer of 2017. This dataset was created to differentiate two types of green space in Philadelphia: tree and grass cover. The dataset includes four numerically coded land cover classes. This classification is derived from National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 1-m aerial imagery captured in the State of Pennsylvania during June of 2017. To improve classification accuracy, NAIP data was stacked with Sentinel-2 level 1C 10-m and 20-m data using the .addBands() function in Google Earth Engine. Two files are available for download: (1) Philadelphia_classification_points.zip: Contains a shapefile of the 8,961 reference points used to train and test the classifier. (2) Philadelphia_Landcover_2017.zip: Contains a GEOTIFF of the classified image over Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for the summer of 2017."
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage summer 2017
Spatial Coverage city of Philadelphia, PA
Keywords remote sensing, landcover, classification, greenspace, Philadelphia
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/7604104
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/7604104/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2023-02-06
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format .shp, geotiff
Publication https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39579-4
Software to view the data
Project
Title Social media analysis reveals environmental injustices in Philadelphia urban parks
Description The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 11.7 calls for access to safe and inclusive green spaces for all communities. Yet, historical residential segregation in the USA has resulted in poor quality urban parks near neighborhoods with primarily disadvantaged socioeconomic status groups, and an extensive park system that addresses the needs of primarily White middle-class residents. Here we center the voices of historically marginalized urban residents by using Natural Language Processing and Geographic Information Science to analyze a large dataset (n = 143,913) of Google Map reviews from 2011 to 2022 across 285 parks in the City of Philadelphia, USA. We find that parks in neighborhoods with a high number of residents from historically disadvantaged demographic groups are likely to receive lower scores on Google Maps. Physical characteristics of these parks based on aerial and satellite images and ancillary data corroborate the public perception of park quality. Topic modeling of park reviews reveal that the diverse environmental justice needs of historically marginalized communities must be met to reduce the uneven park quality—a goal in line with achieving SDG 11 by 2030.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA Delaware Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (80NSSC20M0045)


High Resolution Phragmites Australis Classification in Delaware Estuaries

Title High Resolution Phragmites Australis Classification in Delaware Estuaries
Description "This dataset provides a high resolution (1-m) land cover map for Estuarine wetlands in the State of Delaware in the United States of America during the summer of 2017. This dataset was created to identify populations of the invasive marsh species Phragmites australis. This classification is s derived from National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 1-m aerial imagery captured in the State of Delaware during June of 2017. A zipped file containing a GEOTIFF titled ""Phrag_DE_5PC"" with the classified image for 2017 is available for download. "
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage June 2017
Spatial Coverage Delaware
Keywords phragmites, classification, landcover, wetlands, marsh, estuary, delaware, naip, national agriculture imagery program, usda, remote sensing, gis
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/7644496
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/7644496/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2023-02-20
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format .tif
Publication https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11071-6
Software to view the data
Project
Title Mapping of Phragmites in estuarine wetlands using high-resolution aerial imagery
Description Phragmites australis is a widespread invasive plant species in the USA that greatly impacts estuarine wetlands by creating dense patches and outcompeting other plants. The invasion of Phragmites into wetland ecosystems is known to decrease biodiversity, destroy the habitat of threatened and endangered bird species, and alter biogeochemistry. While the impact of Phragmites is known, the spatial extent of this species is challenging to document due to its fragmented occurrence. Using high-resolution imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) from 2017, we evaluated a geospatial method of mapping the spatial extent of Phragmites across the state of DE. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and principal component analysis (PCA) bands are generated from the NAIP data and used as inputs in a random forest classifier to achieve a high overall accuracy for the Phragmites classification of around 95%. The classified gridded dataset has a spatial resolution of 1 m and documents the spatial distribution of Phragmites throughout the state’s estuarine wetlands (around 11%). Such detailed classification could aid in monitoring the spread of this invasive species over space and time and would inform the decision-making process for landscape managers.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NSF EPSCoR grant no. 1757353 and the State of Delaware, NASA EPSCoR grant (DE-80NSSC20M0220), NASA Delaware Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (80NSSC20M0045)


Fractional Abundance Datasets for Salt Patch and Marshland Across the Delmarva Peninsula, v2

Title Fractional Abundance Datasets for Salt Patch and Marshland Across the Delmarva Peninsula, v2
Description Coastal agricultural lands in the eastern USA are increasingly plagued by escalating soil salinity, rendering them unsuitable for profitable farming. Increasing soil salinization can lead to both land cover modification and conversion. Two notable instances of such transformations include the conversion of farmland to marshland or to barren salt patches devoid of vegetation. However, quantifying these land cover changes across large geographic regions poses a significant challenge due to their varying spatial granularity. To tackle this issue, we first developed a machine-learning based method using Sentinel-2 imagery for 2022 where we used a non-linear spectral unmixing approach utilizing a Random Forest (RF) algorithm (Sarupria et al., 2025). The RF models were constructed using 100 trees and 27,437 reference data points, resulting in two sets of ten models: one for salt patches and another for marshland. Validation metrics for sub-pixel fractional abundances revealed a moderate R-squared value of 0.50 for the salt model ensemble and a high R-squared value of 0.90 for the marsh model ensemble. Building upon this methodology, we then generated annual gridded datasets of fractional abundance for salt patch and marshland across the Delmarva Peninsula (14 coastal counties in Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, USA) for 2019-2023. In these datasets, we only report mean fractional abundance values ranging from 0.4 to 1 for salt patches and 0.25 to 1 for marshland, along with the standard deviation associated with each value.
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage 2019-2023
Spatial Coverage 14 counties on Delmarva peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia)
Keywords coastal agriculture, saltwater intrusion, spectral unmixing, sentinel-2, random forest,
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/15866496
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/15866496/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2025-07-17
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version V2
Distribution Format .tif
Publication https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114642
Software to view the data
Project
Title Non-linear spectral unmixing for monitoring rapidly salinizing coastal landscapes
Description Coastal farmlands in the eastern United States of America (USA) are increasingly suffering from rising soil salinity, rendering them unsuitable for economically productive agriculture. Saltwater intrusion (SWI) into the groundwater reservoir or soil salinization can result in land cover modification (e.g. reduced plant growth) or land cover conversion. Two primary examples of such land cover conversion are farmland to marsh or farmland to salt patches with no vegetation growth. However, due to varying spatial granularity of these conversions, it is challenging to quantify these land covers over a large geographic scale. To address this challenge, we evaluated a non-linear spectral unmixing approach with a Random Forest (RF) algorithm to quantify fractional abundance of salt patch and marshes. Using Sentinel-2 imagery from 2022, we generated gridded datasets for salt patches and marshes across the Delmarva Peninsula, and the associated uncertainty. Moreover, we developed two new spectral indices to enhance the spectral unmixing accuracy: the Normalized Difference Salt Patch Index (NDSPI) and the Modified Salt Patch Index (MSPI). We constructed two sets of ten RF models: one for salt patches and the other for marshes, achieving high (>99 %) training and testing accuracies for classification. The consistently high accuracy and low error values across different model runs demonstrate the method's reliability for classifying spectrally similar land cover classes in the mid-Atlantic region and beyond. Validation metrics for sub-pixel fractional abundances in the salt model revealed a moderate R-squared value of 0.50, and a high R-squared value of 0.90 for the marsh model. Our method complements labor-intensive field-based salinity measurements by offering a reproducible method that can be repeated annually and scaled up to cover large geographic regions.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA EPSCoR Grant DE-80NSSC20M0220, EPA (Assistance Agreement no. CB96358101), USDA NRCS (Assistance Agreement no. NR193A750007C005) and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s Chesapeake Bay Stewardship Fund (grant 0603.20.071142), Additionally: State of Maryland, Harry R. Hughes Center for Agro-Ecology


High-resolution remotely sensed datasets for saltwater intrusion across the Delmarva Peninsula

Title High-resolution remotely sensed datasets for saltwater intrusion across the Delmarva Peninsula
Description "Saltwater intrusion (SWI) on coastal farmlands can change the soil properties (physical and chemical), rendering it unusable for agricultural purposes. Globally, over a quarter of arable land is negatively impacted by soil salinization, including more than 50% of irrigated land. These salt-impacted lands account for more than 30% of food production worldwide. However, the visible impacts of SWI on coastal ecosystems are challenging to map due to the fine spatial resolution of the salt patches. Here we provide the first mapping of the early visual evidences of SWI impacts on the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia) Peninsula region's farmlands by quantifying and mapping the proportions of the farmlands where the spectral signature of a white salt patch was detected. We focus our effort on fourteen counties on the Delmarva Peninsula. We utilized very high-resolution (1-m) aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) and seasonal information derived from the moderate resolution (30-m) Landsat satellite imagery collection. Using a Random Forest algorithm with 100 trees and over 94,240 reference points for training and testing, we developed high-resolution geospatial datasets for the study area for two time-steps: 2011-2013 and 2016-2017. The nine coastal Maryland counties witnessed an average of 79% increase in the salt patches on farmlands. The average increase across the state of Delaware is 81%. Virginia experienced an average of 243% increase in these salt patches. While the expansion rate is alarming, the absolute area with these salt deposits remained rather small even in 2017: about 122 ha in Virginia; 339 ha in Delaware; and 445 ha in Maryland. Visible white salt patches remained a small fraction of total farmlands in each of these counties, ranging between 0.01% and 0.18% in 2011-2013, and between 0.01% and 0.39% in 2016-2017. This collection of gridded data layers provides the spatial distribution of salt patches along with seven other land cover classes for 14 counties in the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland and Virginia) Peninsula in the United States of America (USA). We developed high-resolution datasets for the study area for two time-steps: 2011-2013 and 2016-2017. The geospatial datasets are classified images for each time-step and have eight land cover categories as shown below:"
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage 2011-2013, 2016-2017
Spatial Coverage 14 Counties on the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia) Peninsula
Keywords saltwater intrusion, Delmarva peninsula, agricultural losses
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/6685695
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/6685695/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2022-12-30
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format .tif
Publication https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01186-6
Software to view the data
Project
Title The spread and cost of saltwater intrusion in the US Mid-Atlantic
Description Saltwater intrusion on coastal farmlands can render productive land unsuitable for agricultural activities. While the visible extent of salt-impacted land provides a useful saltwater intrusion proxy, it is challenging to identify in early stages. Moreover, associated ecological and economic impacts are often underestimated as reduced crop yields in farmlands surrounding salt patches are difficult to quantify. Here we develop a high-resolution (1 m) dataset showing salt patches on farm fringes and quantify the extent of salt-impacted lands across the Delmarva Peninsula, United States. Our method is transferable to other regions across and beyond the mid-Atlantic with similar saltwater intrusion issues, such as Georgia and the Carolinas. Our results show that between 2011 and 2017, visible salt patches almost doubled and 8,096 ha of farmlands converted to marsh—another saltwater intrusion consequence. Field-based electrical conductivity measurements show elevated salinity values hundreds of metres from visible salt patches, indicating the broader extent of at-risk farmlands. More farmland areas were within 200 m of a visible salt patch in 2017 compared to 2011, a rise ranging between 68% in Delaware and 93% in Maryland. On the basis of assumed 100% profit loss in at-risk farmlands within a 200 m buffer around salt patches in 2016–2017, the range of economic losses was estimated between US$39.4 million and US$107.5 million annually, under 100% soy or corn counterfactuals, respectively.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency National Science Foundation EPSCoR Grant No. 1757353 / State of Delaware, National Aeronautics and Space Administration EPSCoR Grant No. DE-80NSSC20M0220, and the Delaware Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (NASA Grant 80NSSC20M0045). Partial support: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the State of Maryland, and Harry R. Hughes Center for Agro-Ecology


High Resolution Greenspace Land Cover in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Title High Resolution Greenspace Land Cover in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Description "This dataset provides a high resolution (1-m) land cover map for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States of America during the summer of 2017. This dataset was created to differentiate two types of green space in Philadelphia: tree and grass cover. The dataset includes four numerically coded land cover classes. This classification is derived from National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 1-m aerial imagery captured in the State of Pennsylvania during June of 2017. To improve classification accuracy, NAIP data was stacked with Sentinel-2 level 1C 10-m and 20-m data using the .addBands() function in Google Earth Engine. Two files are available for download: (1) Philadelphia_classification_points.zip: Contains a shapefile of the 8,961 reference points used to train and test the classifier. (2) Philadelphia_Landcover_2017.zip: Contains a GEOTIFF of the classified image over Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for the summer of 2017."
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage summer 2017
Spatial Coverage city of Philadelphia, PA
Keywords remote sensing, landcover, classification, greenspace, Philadelphia
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/7604104
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/7604104/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2023-02-06
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format .shp, geotiff
Publication https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39579-4
Software to view the data
Project
Title Social media analysis reveals environmental injustices in Philadelphia urban parks
Description The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 11.7 calls for access to safe and inclusive green spaces for all communities. Yet, historical residential segregation in the USA has resulted in poor quality urban parks near neighborhoods with primarily disadvantaged socioeconomic status groups, and an extensive park system that addresses the needs of primarily White middle-class residents. Here we center the voices of historically marginalized urban residents by using Natural Language Processing and Geographic Information Science to analyze a large dataset (n = 143,913) of Google Map reviews from 2011 to 2022 across 285 parks in the City of Philadelphia, USA. We find that parks in neighborhoods with a high number of residents from historically disadvantaged demographic groups are likely to receive lower scores on Google Maps. Physical characteristics of these parks based on aerial and satellite images and ancillary data corroborate the public perception of park quality. Topic modeling of park reviews reveal that the diverse environmental justice needs of historically marginalized communities must be met to reduce the uneven park quality—a goal in line with achieving SDG 11 by 2030.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA Delaware Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (80NSSC20M0045)


High Resolution Phragmites Australis Classification in Delaware Estuaries

Title High Resolution Phragmites Australis Classification in Delaware Estuaries
Description "This dataset provides a high resolution (1-m) land cover map for Estuarine wetlands in the State of Delaware in the United States of America during the summer of 2017. This dataset was created to identify populations of the invasive marsh species Phragmites australis. This classification is s derived from National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 1-m aerial imagery captured in the State of Delaware during June of 2017. A zipped file containing a GEOTIFF titled ""Phrag_DE_5PC"" with the classified image for 2017 is available for download. "
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage June 2017
Spatial Coverage Delaware
Keywords phragmites, classification, landcover, wetlands, marsh, estuary, delaware, naip, national agriculture imagery program, usda, remote sensing, gis
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/7644496
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/7644496/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2023-02-20
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version
Distribution Format .tif
Publication https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11071-6
Software to view the data
Project
Title Mapping of Phragmites in estuarine wetlands using high-resolution aerial imagery
Description Phragmites australis is a widespread invasive plant species in the USA that greatly impacts estuarine wetlands by creating dense patches and outcompeting other plants. The invasion of Phragmites into wetland ecosystems is known to decrease biodiversity, destroy the habitat of threatened and endangered bird species, and alter biogeochemistry. While the impact of Phragmites is known, the spatial extent of this species is challenging to document due to its fragmented occurrence. Using high-resolution imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) from 2017, we evaluated a geospatial method of mapping the spatial extent of Phragmites across the state of DE. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and principal component analysis (PCA) bands are generated from the NAIP data and used as inputs in a random forest classifier to achieve a high overall accuracy for the Phragmites classification of around 95%. The classified gridded dataset has a spatial resolution of 1 m and documents the spatial distribution of Phragmites throughout the state’s estuarine wetlands (around 11%). Such detailed classification could aid in monitoring the spread of this invasive species over space and time and would inform the decision-making process for landscape managers.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NSF EPSCoR grant no. 1757353 and the State of Delaware, NASA EPSCoR grant (DE-80NSSC20M0220), NASA Delaware Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (80NSSC20M0045)


Fractional Abundance Datasets for Salt Patch and Marshland Across the Delmarva Peninsula, v2

Title Fractional Abundance Datasets for Salt Patch and Marshland Across the Delmarva Peninsula, v2
Description Coastal agricultural lands in the eastern USA are increasingly plagued by escalating soil salinity, rendering them unsuitable for profitable farming. Increasing soil salinization can lead to both land cover modification and conversion. Two notable instances of such transformations include the conversion of farmland to marshland or to barren salt patches devoid of vegetation. However, quantifying these land cover changes across large geographic regions poses a significant challenge due to their varying spatial granularity. To tackle this issue, we first developed a machine-learning based method using Sentinel-2 imagery for 2022 where we used a non-linear spectral unmixing approach utilizing a Random Forest (RF) algorithm (Sarupria et al., 2025). The RF models were constructed using 100 trees and 27,437 reference data points, resulting in two sets of ten models: one for salt patches and another for marshland. Validation metrics for sub-pixel fractional abundances revealed a moderate R-squared value of 0.50 for the salt model ensemble and a high R-squared value of 0.90 for the marsh model ensemble. Building upon this methodology, we then generated annual gridded datasets of fractional abundance for salt patch and marshland across the Delmarva Peninsula (14 coastal counties in Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, USA) for 2019-2023. In these datasets, we only report mean fractional abundance values ranging from 0.4 to 1 for salt patches and 0.25 to 1 for marshland, along with the standard deviation associated with each value.
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage 2019-2023
Spatial Coverage 14 counties on Delmarva peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia)
Keywords coastal agriculture, saltwater intrusion, spectral unmixing, sentinel-2, random forest,
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/15866496
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/15866496/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2025-07-17
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version V2
Distribution Format .tif
Publication https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114642
Software to view the data
Project
Title Non-linear spectral unmixing for monitoring rapidly salinizing coastal landscapes
Description Coastal farmlands in the eastern United States of America (USA) are increasingly suffering from rising soil salinity, rendering them unsuitable for economically productive agriculture. Saltwater intrusion (SWI) into the groundwater reservoir or soil salinization can result in land cover modification (e.g. reduced plant growth) or land cover conversion. Two primary examples of such land cover conversion are farmland to marsh or farmland to salt patches with no vegetation growth. However, due to varying spatial granularity of these conversions, it is challenging to quantify these land covers over a large geographic scale. To address this challenge, we evaluated a non-linear spectral unmixing approach with a Random Forest (RF) algorithm to quantify fractional abundance of salt patch and marshes. Using Sentinel-2 imagery from 2022, we generated gridded datasets for salt patches and marshes across the Delmarva Peninsula, and the associated uncertainty. Moreover, we developed two new spectral indices to enhance the spectral unmixing accuracy: the Normalized Difference Salt Patch Index (NDSPI) and the Modified Salt Patch Index (MSPI). We constructed two sets of ten RF models: one for salt patches and the other for marshes, achieving high (>99 %) training and testing accuracies for classification. The consistently high accuracy and low error values across different model runs demonstrate the method's reliability for classifying spectrally similar land cover classes in the mid-Atlantic region and beyond. Validation metrics for sub-pixel fractional abundances in the salt model revealed a moderate R-squared value of 0.50, and a high R-squared value of 0.90 for the marsh model. Our method complements labor-intensive field-based salinity measurements by offering a reproducible method that can be repeated annually and scaled up to cover large geographic regions.
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA EPSCoR Grant DE-80NSSC20M0220, EPA (Assistance Agreement no. CB96358101), USDA NRCS (Assistance Agreement no. NR193A750007C005) and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s Chesapeake Bay Stewardship Fund (grant 0603.20.071142), Additionally: State of Maryland, Harry R. Hughes Center for Agro-Ecology


Multi-Temporal Land Cover Dataset for the Delmarva Peninsula (2000, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2016) at 30m Resolution

Title Multi-Temporal Land Cover Dataset for the Delmarva Peninsula (2000, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2016) at 30m Resolution
Description "Coastal regions of the eastern United States are increasingly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion and rising soil salinity, which can significantly alter land cover patterns. Monitoring these changes over time requires consistent, high-quality datasets. This work presents a multi-temporal, classified land cover dataset for the Delmarva Peninsula (14 coastal counties in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA) for five target years: 2000, 2002, 2005, 2009, and 2016. The datasets were produced using a Random Forest classifier trained on Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC)-derived synthetic Landsat surface reflectance, and target variables dervied from a high-resolution (1m) NAIP–Landsat derived dataset. The classification distinguishes seven land cover classes: Bare Soil, Built, Farmland, Forest, Marsh, Other Vegetation, and Water. Overall testing accuracy reached 90.6% with a five-fold cross-validation accuracy of 90.2% ± 0.13%, demonstrating robust model performance. These datasets can support further studies on land use change, coastal resilience, and salinity-linked landscape dynamics. This dataset contains five integer-coded raster files, one for each study year. Each raster is a single-band GeoTIFF with 30m spatial resolution."
Theme/Category Geospatial
Period Coverage 2000, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2016
Spatial Coverage 14 counties of the Delmarva peninsula
Keywords Land cover classification, Remote sensing, Random Forest, Landsat time series, Coastal landscape dynamics
Landing Page https://zenodo.org/records/16783114
Access URL https://zenodo.org/api/records/16783114/files-archive
Creator
Publisher
Released Date 2025-08-08
Updated Date
Publishing Frequency
Access Rights Public (Dataset is or could be made publicly available to all without restrictions)
Version 1
Distribution Format GeoTiff
Publication
Software to view the data
Project
Title Multi-temporal land cover dataset for the Delmarva Peninsula (2000, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2016) at 30m Resolution
Description "*Subject to change* Coastal regions of the eastern United States are increasingly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion and rising soil salinity, which can significantly alter land cover patterns. Monitoring these changes over time requires consistent, high-quality datasets. This work presents a multi-temporal, classified land cover dataset for the Delmarva Peninsula (14 coastal counties in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA) for five target years: 2000, 2002, 2005, 2009, and 2016. The datasets were produced using a Random Forest classifier trained on Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC)-derived synthetic Landsat surface reflectance, and target variables dervied from a high-resolution (1m) NAIP–Landsat derived dataset. The classification distinguishes seven land cover classes: Bare Soil, Built, Farmland, Forest, Marsh, Other Vegetation, and Water. Overall testing accuracy reached 90.6% with a five-fold cross-validation accuracy of 90.2% ± 0.13%, demonstrating robust model performance. These datasets can support further studies on land use change, coastal resilience, and salinity-linked landscape dynamics. This dataset contains five integer-coded raster files, one for each study year. Each raster is a single-band GeoTIFF with 30m spatial resolution."
Principal Investigator Dr. Pinki Mondal
Funding Agency NASA EPSCoR Grant DE-80NSSC20M0220, NSF EPsCOR grants: 2418394, 2418395, 2418396. Additionally: State of Maryland, Harry R. Hughes Center for Agro-Ecology.